Which process does NOT involve meiosis, fertilization, or syngamy?

Asexual reproduction is indeed the process that does not involve meiosis, fertilization, or syngamy. In asexual reproduction, organisms replicate themselves without the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. This process can occur through various methods, such as binary fission, budding, or fragmentation.

In contrast, sexual reproduction and processes that involve fertilization or syngamy require gametes, which are produced through meiosis. Gametes fuse to create a zygote, leading to offspring that have genetic contributions from both parents. Similarly, vegetative propagation and induced propagation rely on sexual reproduction principles, even if they might use specialized structures or techniques for plant reproduction.

Asexual reproduction is distinct in that it does not create genetic variation through the mixing of genes, making it a straightforward and efficient means of reproduction for many organisms, particularly in stable environments where adaptation is less crucial.