Which of the following is NOT a step in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

In the context of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), the steps involved typically include defining action thresholds, monitoring and identifying pest populations, and implementing prevention strategies to manage potential infestations effectively. Each of these steps contributes to a holistic approach aimed at reducing pest damage while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides.

Determining application rate, while important in the context of pesticide application, is not inherently a step in the IPM process. Instead, it is a specific consideration that may arise after determining that a pest management action is necessary. In IPM, emphasis is placed on understanding pest dynamics and assessing when and how interventions should occur rather than focusing solely on the specifics of pesticide application techniques. Thus, the focus on monitoring, preventive measures, and thresholds is more aligned with the principles of IPM, highlighting sustainable practices and integrated solutions.